Technology is transforming entire industries to be more efficient, yet productivity lags in construction—confoundingly so. The reality is that the problem is systemic.

It’s not just a matter of companies deciding to be more productive. Depending on the type of contract a project is under, the general contractor may not be incentivized to be productive. There are no construction standards or metrics—as with par in golf—to compel higher performance. According to McKinsey & Company, 98% of projects face cost overruns or delays; the average cost increase is 80% of original value, and the average slippage is 20 months behind original schedule.

The reasons are complicated. First, every construction project is a multiemployer site, with tens to hundreds of companies going into the building of a project. If general contractors—who build the schedule and oversee subcontractors—are in lump-sum contracts, they may benefit financially for every dollar saved under the project price.

In a hard bid, the goal is to win by as little margin as possible. A perfect bid day is being lower than the competition by one penny and getting the job. The result is, performance is driven to an average. Because the owner didn’t hire the general contractor in preconstruction to point out mistakes in plans and specs, the general contractor can use those mistakes as a strategy to ensure a winning bid.

So the owner community developed a bidding method called guaranteed maximum price (GMP), which solves the problem of vetting designs for constructability, budget, and schedule but often gives project savings back to the owner. The general contractor’s financial gain in a GMP is established before the price is established for the project, in the form of fees and general conditions percentages.

In that instance, the owner hires the architect and contractor around the same time so that the builder can validate the design from the standpoint of constructability, pricing, and time.

During preconstruction, the general contractor arrives at an agreeable price for the owner (GMP), including the fee and general conditions (say, 3 and 6 percent, respectively) to cover the general contractor’s costs to manage the project. The larger the GMP, the higher the fee and general conditions. But the owner has full-audit rights. If the general contractor brings the project in under budget and under schedule, the savings usually go to the owner. They aren’t incentivized to be efficient.

Why Golf’s Par Is the Answer

In golf, a golfer doesn’t play against competitors. The golfer plays against par, the predetermined number of strokes it should take to complete each hole on a course. Dedicated golfers compete with themselves to get as far under par as possible.

In construction, there is no par, so general contractors play to each other. If everybody is great, then everybody is average. But what if there was an objective benchmark—a way to measure excellence in an industry that doesn’t reward productivity? The way things operate now, price, quality, and efficiency standards are not up to par; they are what participants say they are.

Fortunately, there’s one established par for the industry: safety. The Experience Modification Rate (EMR) is an objective measure of a contractor’s safety performance and determines the rate it pays for workers compensation insurance. If a contractor has an EMR of 1.0, that means it must pay $1.00 for every dollar of worker’s compensation. If the EMR is lower, say .75, that’s $0.75 for every dollar of compensation.

As soon as contractors understood the implications of EMR, they put systems in place to drive their EMR down, which protected their workers, saved money, and significantly dropped the severity and frequency of injuries. EMR became a factor that owners could weigh when choosing contractors. General contractors who couldn’t show a good EMR were disqualified from bidding.

When an owner is ready to start a project, it’s standard practice to interview several contractors. Contractors are skilled at demonstrating their superior capabilities, and owners have no objective way to qualify claims.

Why isn’t there a par for quality, sustainability, or efficiency? Why can’t owners refer to industry metrics and say, “You say you have the best scheduling system in the business, but I see your scheduling index is higher compared to these other three?"

One reason is a lack of centralized data necessary to establish a standard. In the case of EMR, contractors are legally required to report safety incidents to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which compiles the data to establish its rating.

Another reason is incentives are improperly aligned. General contractors aren’t used to reporting things they do wrong because project managers, fearing exposure to liability, are reluctant to capture information that may put them in a bad light.

Take rework: In the race to get a job done, because subcontractors’ profitability is tied directly to productivity, they strive to complete their work as fast as possible. It’s not uncommon to see holes knocked into fresh drywall because the drywaller put it up before the plumber could put in the piping. General contractors have no incentive to report that mistake because it may indicate they did not coordinate the schedule properly.

General contractors always do what they have to do to remain profitable. But to be more consistently profitable means really digging into all the drivers of poor productivity. Rework has real hidden costs that are not eliminated simply because a subcontractor “made it go away.” The root cause of the rework is still there and won’t go away until the process changes.

Bring on the Digital Data

The first step toward standards, which the industry is starting to take, is using the cloud to centralize data. The next step is to get contractors to collect consistent relative data that can be analyzed to make them more productive. Machine-learning systems give better results when more relevant information is put into the system—good or bad. Imagine if reporting rework resulted in better final performance instead of additional headaches. What if subcontractors gave good contractors better pricing because they managed rework better or scheduled more effectively?

Ultimately, setting par is up to owners insisting on independent verification before granting contracts, in effect compelling general contractors to capture good data and use it to continuously improve.

With consistency, par will yield better profits. If you ask general contractors whether they would prefer an average of 1–8% profit on projects or a guaranteed 5% every time, which do you think they’ll choose? They’re going to choose 5.

There will be growing pains. You don’t just tee up and shoot a birdie the first time you hold a golf club. Some lesser contractors might be left behind when they have to perform to objective standards. But these pars will drive good contractors to find new methods of productivity and, ultimately, more consistent profits. And that’s a hole in one for the entire industry.

Sarah Hodges is Director of Construction Business Line at Autodesk. This article originally appeared on Autodesk’s Redshift, a publication dedicated to inspiring designers, engineers, builders, and makers.”