Net Power designed a 300-MW facility which was completed around 2013 and used to scale down to the 50-MW demonstration plant.

Dimmig says the team has taken an unusual approach to development. Rather than design a subscale demonstration plant that might not scale up to the commercial product, Net Power designed a 300-MW facility through a pre-FEED (front-end engineering design), which was completed around 2013 and used to scale down to the 50-MW demonstration plant, he notes. That approach reduces risk that the small plant, if successful, might not scale up. “We don’t care about having a small test facility. We care about having a commercial product as soon as possible,” Dimmig says. “We would rather spend more money to get a demonstration plant that is directly applicable to that commercial product.”

Net Power will generate its own carbon dioxide by burning pure oxygen and natural gas with recycled CO₂ in a semiclosed cycle. Liquid water condensed from the fluid is fed back to support cooling. The other product, a CO₂ stream, will recycle to the combustor, with the excess sent to a pipeline for sequestration or industrial uses, such as enhanced oil recovery.

The Allam Cycle process may help to create a market to trade carbon dioxide. Unregulated emissions are a key climate-change driver, but pollution sources are not incentivized to cut emissions. “Someday, when there is a significant price on carbon, it may be beneficial for operators to use CO2 in ways that keep it out of the atmosphere,” says Curtis Oldenburg, senior scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. With Chinese scientists, he proposed storing compressed CO2 in a deep saline aquifer and recycling it in a closed loop to generate power. The concept has been proven in global locations, including at a U.S. compressed-air storage plant. Using CO2 instead of air may improve the process. “CO2 is denser than air, so it has more energy density when compressed,” says Oldenburg.

Atmospheric air is the working fluid for the Brayton Cycle, which commercial gas turbines use. The Electric Power Research Institute has done “quite a bit of study on the supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle,” says Jeff Phillips, a senior research manager, who touts its higher efficiency. CO2 is being used for power generation in other projects, too. The power plant for a proposed South Texas refinery, for example, is being designed to use the refinery’s CO₂partly for its working fluid.