Because the three main U.S. power grids (see map) are asynchronous, there are very few connections that can convert and transmit power. Tres Amigas' plan would connect them, and exploit price differences between the three grids. Power could be transferred from the cheapest production point to where it is most valuable. "We are going to be able to allow energy producers and consumers to have another way of securing their energy supply," says David Stidham, chief operating officer of Tres Amigas.

The project is also expected to expand investment opportunities in renewable energy. "What happens when you have a whole bunch of solar energy in the Western grid, and you'd like to be able to sell or use that power in the Eastern grid?" asks Steve Eckroad, technical executive with Palo Alto, Calif.-based non-profit Electric Power Research Institute. "There isn't the capacity to transport that power because the grids are asynchronous."

The project would be built in three initial phases, with three more to follow as demand grows. Phase one would provide 750 MW of interconnectivity between the east and west grids, at an estimated cost of $500 million. The $400-million second phase would add 1.5-GW interconnectivity between the Electric Reliability Council of Texas and the east and another 750 MW between ERCOT and the west. Estimated at $1 billion, phase three will increase the power exchange amount up to 5 GW.

Clovis was chosen for its 40-mile proximity to all three grids. Industrial revenue bonds will exempt Tres Amigas from millions of dollars in property tax, in exchange for creating an expected 150 permanent jobs, says Gene Hendrick, economic development specialist with the Clovis Industrial Development Corp.

The project hinges upon negotiating interconnection agreements with each of the three grids. The Western Interconnection agreement is in place, and the Eastern Interconnection is being finalized, Stidham says.

The agreement with the ERCOT is more complicated, since it currently isn't regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission as the other two grids are. ERCOT prefers to keep its independence and participation requires a waiver allowing it to remain outside of FERC's jurisdiction. Stidham says the agency indicates "that our interconnections will not place ERCOT under their jurisdiction. FERC recently set a precedent with San Francisco-based Pattern Energy's Southern Cross project, which will connect ERCOT with the eastern grid upon completion in 2016.

Tres Amigas has raised enough funding to begin design and development, with more investment kicking in once the second interconnect agreement is in place. Japanese industrial infrastructure services firm Mitsui & Co. Ltd. has invested $12 million in the project, to promote its smart grid and renewable energy management technology internationally. Tres Amigas has also hired several engineering firms, including Hailey, Idaho-based POWER Engineers to perform design engineering, Burns & McDonnell, Kansas City, Mo., to provide power-flow studies and Denver-based CH2M HILL as program manager.